The major source of vitamin d for most humans is sensible sun exposure. Sunlight and vitamin d for bone health and prevention of. At present, the evidence is not sufficient for general recommendations to supplement vitamin d in order to prevent and treat cvd. A general concept of clinical benefit of vitamin d supplementation has emerged from the evidence in prevention of osteoporosis. Serum levels of 25hydroxyvitamin d l vitamin d deficiency. Vitamin d sufficiency prevents rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. The body produces vitamin d in response to sun exposure. Serum 25hydroxyvitamin d 25oh d is the measure for vitamin d status. In the past decade, vitamin d has been the focus of keen interest because, beyond these known effects, data from ecological and observational studies have shown associations between low concentration of serum 25hydroxyvitamin d 25oh d. Vitamin d supplementation does not prevent cardiovascular events or cancer in mostly nondiabetic adults men 50 years and older, women 55 years and. Vitamin d is not effective as primary prevention of.
Seasonality of cardiovascular disease mortality and the possible. Together with calcium, vitamin d also helps protect older adults from osteoporosis. Vitamin d and cancer and cardiovascular disease this article reports the vitamin d portion of a randomized, twobytwo factorial trial of n. Vitamin d and cardiovascular disease prevention nature. Low vitamin d levels favor atherosclerosis enabling vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, formation of foam cells, and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. In epidemiologic studies, vitamin d deficiency has been consistently associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and hypertension. There is growing recognition, however, that vitamin d has nonskeletal actions, which could have important implications for understanding the consequences of vitamin d deficiency. Vitamin d is a prohormone that has a key role in calcium and phosphate balance and bone structure. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin d deficiency. Supplementation with vitamin d alone or with calcium had no significant effect on allcause mortality or incident cardiovascular disease. Vitamin d, calcium, or combined supplementation for the. Request pdf vitamin d and cardiovascular disease prevention vitamin d is a precursor of the steroid hormone calcitriol that is crucial for bone and mineral. Both the high prevalence of vitamin d deficiency in the general population and the. Links between vitamin d deficiency and cardiovascular diseases.
Vitamin d and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease. Vitamin d and cancer and cardiovascular disease tential side effects of the trial agents. Intervention give vitamin d and see what happens usually testing vitamin d vs placebo the majority of these intervention trials are for treatment, rather than prevention vitamin d and cardiovascular disease preventiom may 2016. Many studies, 1,2 but not all, have shown that low bone density is associated with increased cardiovascular disease cvd risk. Although this may seem like a recent development, the origins of this hypothesis actually go back a few decades.
The heart is basically a large muscle, and like skeletal muscle, it has receptors for vitamin d. Vitamin d is a precursor of the steroid hormone calcitriol that is crucial for bone and mineral metabolism. Still, the existence of mild associations is not yet rejected due to the limited sample size of the aforementioned studies. Vitamin d for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Vitamin d has an impact on bone density and bone quality. Only clinical trials that evaluated longterm supplementation with vitamin d and reported cardiovascular outcomes were included in this analysis. Therefore, vitamin d has a dual benefit for prevention of fractures in the elderly, a benefit on bone density and muscle strength. In addition, by increasing muscle strength, adequate vitamin d status reduces the risk of falling in older individuals. Role of vitamins in cardiovascular health and disease rrcc. Sep 15, 2019 vitamin d supplementation does not prevent cardiovascular events or cancer in mostly nondiabetic adults men 50 years and older, women 55 years and older. Vitamin d deficiency has been implicated as an independent risk factor for incident cardiovascular events and allcause mortality in several large prospective studies. Vitamin d has other roles in the body, including modulation of cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation 1,3,4. Serum and dietary vitamin d and cardiovascular disease risk in. Her research interests focus on preventive cardiology and subclinical atherosclerosis imaging.
Arterial hypertension vitamin d deficiency has been associated with higher blood pressure levels, which was already shown in most, but not all, prospective studies, as well as metaanalyses of observational studies 9,22,23. Vitamin e in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Several epidemiological studies have suggested that individuals with low blood levels of vitamin d have increased risks of heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and diabetes. Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation and dna damage, contributing to the development of cardiovascular disease cvd and cancer. Calendar packs containing the trial capsules of vitamin d or corresponding placebo and n. From the cardiovascular point of view, clinical benefit of such supplementation remains less clear. Factors that influence cutaneous vitamin d production include sunscreen use, skin pigmentation, time of day, season of the year, latitude, and aging. Vitamin d deficiency circulating 25hydroxyvitamin d concentration nov 23, 2016 the us preventive services task force recommends against vitamin d and calcium supplementation for fracture prevention in otherwise healthy postmenopausal women. Are we ready for that june 2015 links between vitamin d deficiency and cardiovascular diseases april 2015 health problems are related to birth month june 2015. Vitamin d is known to control skeletal pathophysiology, regulating calcium and phosphorus and bone remodeling along with other calcium. However, the association of vitamin d deficiency with cardiovascular diseases is based primarily on observational and ecological studies and thus, is a matter of controversy. Does vitamin d supplementation reduce cardiovascular risk. Intervention clinical trials for heart or cardiovascular and vitamin d 364 as of jan 2019.
It protects the teeth and bones and defends against. Atherosclerosis research unit university of southern california funded by national institute on aging r01ag860 and r01ag17160 and office of dietary supplements. Jun 26, 2019 a metaanalysis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin d supplementation in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Vitamin d and cardiovascular disease prevention request pdf. Jun 22, 2011 vitamin d has received widespread attention for its potential role in preventing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vitamin d has received widespread attention for its potential role in preventing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vitamin d deficiency is common in the elderly and is associated with osteoporosis. Vitamin d deficiency is a worldwide health problem. Vitamin d and cardiovascular disease anticancer research. Vitamin d deficiency and cardiovascular diseases scielo. In humans, only 10 to 20% of the vitamin d derives. Vitamin d deficiency and risk for cardiovascular disease.
Vitamin d is best known for its influence on skeletal health. Vitamin d supplementation enhances the beneficial effects of. Pdf vitamin d for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Vitamin d has various cardiovascular pleiotropic effects by activating its nuclear receptor in cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells and by regulating the reninangiotensin. Solar ultraviolet b photons are absorbed by 7dehydrocholesterol in the skin, leading to its transformation to previtamin d 3. Its general use for prevention of this disease in those without vitamin d deficiency is thus likely not needed. Sunlight and vitamin d for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease14 michael f holick abstract most humans depend on sun exposure to satisfy their requirements for vitamin d. Vitamin d and cardiovascular disease circulation research. A major cardiovascular event occurred in 805 participants 396 in the vitamin d group and 409 in the placebo group. In conclusion, it must be stated that the role of vitamin d in the prevention and management of cvd as well as the doseresponse relationship of potentially.
Most observational and ecological studies support 25oh vitamin d having protective effects on the cardiovascular system. Because the vitamin d receptor is present in multiple tissues, there has been interest in evaluating other potential functions of vitamin d, particularly, in cardiovascular diseases cvd. Vitamin d supplements and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Of particular interest to cardiovascular researchers and clinicians is growing evidence of a link between low vitamin d and increased risk for cardiovascular disease cvd. For older people with osteoporosis, taking vitamin d with calcium may help prevent hip fractures, but it also slightly increases the risk of stomach and kidney problems. The vitamin d and omega3 trial vital is an ongoing doubleblind, placebocontrolled rct to assess the impact of 2,000 iu vitamin d and or omega3 fatty acids on heart disease, stroke, and cancer in 20,000 healthy men and women in the u. Vitamin d supplements and prevention of cancer and. Vitamin d metabolites also play an integral physiological role in nonskeletal tissues and have been implicated in a wide range of chronic pathology, including skin and autoimmune disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease cvd. Recent studies have associated inadequate serum vitamin d levels with several diseases unrelated to the musculoskeletal system, such as cancer colon, prostate, and breast, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases multiple sclerosis, crohns disease, depression, and cardiovascular diseases cvds such as hypertension, coronary artery disease cad, and heart failure hf. A growing number of studies point to vitamin d deficiency as a risk factor for heart attacks, congestive heart. Vitamin d is an important prohormone for optimal intestinal calcium absorption for mineralization of bone. Request pdf vitamin d and cardiovascular disease prevention vitamin d is a precursor of the steroid hormone calcitriol that is crucial for bone and mineral metabolism.
Vitamin d deficiency is typically caused by inadequate cutaneous synthesis secondary to decreased exposure to sunlight. Several features of this site will not function whilst javascript is disabled. Vitamin d and prevention of cardiovascular disease and. Some preventive effects of vitamin d on cardiovascular disease risk may also be related to an increase in circulating calcitriol concentrations. Pdf vitamin d for the prevention of cardiovascular.
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